Diplomacy Gameplay Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Discretion Gameplay - Article Example eos, Cineplexes, and TV promotions, where pluralistic universes and different authenticities are caught to the uttermost in computerized derides and allegories (Potter 2002, pg. 34). Youngsters today are completely loose with the activity of such made universes, created veracities, and de-focused selves, since their relative experience is generally through the de-focused, hyper-genuine environmental factors of computerized PC frameworks. Strategy is a seven-player prepackaged game that is gotten from the extraordinary endeavors of the significant European impacts during World War I. The countries play in this game are: England, France, Germany, Russia, Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey (Jonathan et al. 2004, pg. 44). Game Board: The board contains seventy-three flanking locales and each player starts with pieces in lieu of military units in their local terrains. Thirty-five of the seventy areas on the board are portrayed as â€Å"supply countries†. The goal of the game is to oversee eighteen of the thirty-five flexibly centers. A player will at that point have loads of pieces on the board as he/she has gracefully focuses. Pieces: They are connoted as one of two significant sorts of military units: state armies and armadas. Armadas are allowed to go across waterways and coastline areas, simultaneously as military can move onto any neighboring district. Both of these units have identical force in the game. Activities and Orders: On each spring or fall turn, a piece can be controlled to do the accompanying activities: move, hold or backing. A move request will ship a piece from one area to a nearby region. A hold request will keep the piece in it current area. A help request will help another piece that is moving starting with one district then onto the next alongside the piece doing the help request. This guide permits the moving piece to possess an area during conditions of contention. Ongoing interaction: A straight on â€Å"game of Diplomacy† connects with a discussion time during each spot of around thirty minutes where players

Society’s Perception of Affirmative Action Free Essays

I both concur, and can't help contradicting what the writer is stating in this article. He begins by saying that our odds of succeeding are impacted by the age of our family that preceded us, and by our system of companions and colleagues. He applies the term â€Å"social capital,† to this. We will compose a custom article test on Society’s Perception of Affirmative Action or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now He at that point proceeds to state that the administration needs to assume liability for guaranteeing that everybody has an equivalent open door find a new line of work, be acknowledged into a college, or climb in their organization. The following five passages are spent contending against â€Å"color-dazzle absolutism,† that is, the possibility that we ought to disregard race by and large. To this point in the article, I can't help but concur. I accept most discerning reasoning individuals gain from their folks, more seasoned kin and even their more distant families. They see the mix-ups that their families made and need to improve. In my family for example, I am the most youthful of six kids. My folks experienced childhood in cultivating networks and had next to zero training. I was the first in the family to go straight through secondary school and graduate. Just the four most youthful of six kids got a secondary school recognition or proportional, and just myself and one of my siblings has had any instruction past that. I consider this to be a characteristic advancement that takes a few ages. A portion of my more established kin didn't see the estimation of training, or of arranging your future and defining objectives. While I saw the missteps they made, it took me quite a while to understand that my prosperity was subject to defining objectives, and the moves I made to accomplish them. I likewise concur with the creator statement that society can't be totally visually challenged. We don't have to imagine that we are not unique, we have to acknowledge and grasp each other’s contrasts. We have to perceive and regard the each other’s societies. Shading and race will perpetually be utilized, similarly as stature and weight are utilized to depict individuals. There is nothing amiss with recognizing our disparities, as long as we don't see those distinctions as negatives. I need to differ with the rest of the article. He has disapproved, obviously, to the recognition that blacks should be given particular treatment to make a level of progress. I accept that he is contending that governmental policy regarding minorities in society is belittling to blacks, yet what he ought to be contending against isn't governmental policy regarding minorities in society, yet white society’s impression of governmental policy regarding minorities in society. Utilized as it was expected, governmental policy regarding minorities in society doesn't give minorities particular treatment, it offers them a chance to contend with different candidates of equivalent capabilities. Human instinct being what it is, openings don't constantly introduce themselves exclusively on account of a people aptitudes, capabilities, or perseverance. I as of late read that a high level of positions are filled not through paper promotions, or selecting offices, yet through verbal. The best spot for managers to search for new representatives is frequently from their ebb and flow workers. On the off chance that this is valid, at that point except if your work place is as of now racially different, the greater part of your recently recruited employees are probably going to originate from comparative racial or ethnic foundation as most of your workforce. Breaking this cycle requires a cognizant exertion. I accept this is the situation in sorted out work associations. Maybe there is no cognizant exertion to keep blacks or minorities out, yet a longing to get one’s loved ones in, with the goal that they also may appreciate the advantages of a great job. I trust I profited by governmental policy regarding minorities in society when I joined the association apprenticeship program. Had it not been for the constrain applied on associations to expand, there is little uncertainty in my psyche that someone’s child or nephew would have gotten that position. What's more, that individual would no doubt have been a white male. The goal of governmental policy regarding minorities in society is to even the odds, not to tilt it toward minorities. In the event that it is inappropriately utilized, we should not accuse the program; we should accuse the individuals that are overseeing it. Colleges ought not bring down guidelines, however urge scholastically qualified minorities to apply and bolster programs that help increment the pool of qualified candidates. While the facts confirm that a people achievement relies generally upon that people own drive and self assurance, history has instructed us that things won't show signs of improvement without some administrative mediation. The most effective method to refer to Society’s Perception of Affirmative Action, Papers

The Virtues of Character According to Aristotle - Literature Essay Samples

In the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle describes virtues in two types, one of character and another of thought. Virtues of character include things like bravery, temperance, and generosity, while virtues of thought include wisdom and prudence. In this paper, I will focus on the virtues of character and give a careful account of Aristotle’s views based on the reading of the Nicomachean Ethics. According to Aristotle, the possession and exercise of the virtues of character are necessary for happiness. In other words, one can achieve happiness by being and doing good. By happiness, Aristotle is talking about the highest end and the best good for humanity. Aristotle believes that all human activities are directed towards certain ends or results, which we consider good. For example, we practice medicine to achieve health and generalship to achieve victory. Among the ends, some are instrumental ends which people attain for the sake of further ends. The further ends are therefore considered ruling and superior relative to the instrumental ends. Aristotle states that there is one end that is pursued not for any further end but for its own sake. This end is superior to any other end and is complete and perfect in itself. It is considered as the best good for humanity. Aristotle indicates that this highest end and best good is agreed to be happiness. After establishing happiness as the highest end for humanity, Aristotle explains that the virtues of character are necessary for happiness because happiness depends on the possession and the exercise of them. Aristotle demonstrates this relationship between virtues and happiness by using the function argument. Aristotle believes that everything has a function and virtues are what cause the thing to perform its function well. For example, the function of eyes is seeing. Then, the virtue of eyes enables us to see well. According to Aristotle, the special function of human beings consists in the activity of the part of the soul that expresses reason. In other words, human function is living a life of rational activities. Human virtues are therefore what allow human beings to exercise our soul well. They enable us to do well and live well. Therefore, happiness, which implies living well and doing well, is an activity in accord with virtues. In this way, virtues of character promote or co nsist part of human happiness. For example, temperance is a virtue of character that enables us to eat and drink at an appropriate amount. This promotes our health, which is instrumental to achieving happiness. Also, Aristotle emphasizes that happiness is an activity and therefore consists in not only the possession but also the exercise of virtues. Aristotle argues that the mere possession of something implies a state, which sometimes may achieve no good. For example, people can never achieve happiness when being asleep or inactive. Therefore, happiness is achieved not by the mere possession of virtues but by both the possession and exercise of them, just as Olympic prizes are not for the strongest but for the strongest contestants. People attain happiness not only by having the virtues of character but also by practicing the activities proper to these virtues. For example, we should not only have the virtue of temperance but also constantly do activities such as eating and drinking appropriately and healthily. In addition, Aristotle admits that some external goods, like sufficient wealth and a good birth, are still necessary preconditions for attaining happiness because they offer resourc es for the exercise of virtues of character. In addition to a means to achieve happiness, virtues of character, according to Aristotle, are involved in the part of human soul that has feelings. As it is mentioned before, Aristotle thinks there are two types of virtues, virtues of character and virtues of thought. They are different because they belong to different parts of the human soul. Aristotle divides human soul into rational and irrational parts. The part of the soul that has reason in itself is called rational and it is where the virtues of thought, such as prudence and wisdom, occupy. For the irrational parts, there is one part of the soul that is described as vegetative or plantlike. This part is the cause of growth and nutrition, involving with no reason at all. Another part in the soul, which seems irrational but still shares in reason, is known as feelings and appetites. Although feelings are not equivalent to reason, they listen to and obey reason. The virtues of character, such as bravery, temperance, and generosi ty, are involved in this part of soul that has feelings and obeys reason. People with virtues of character show correct feelings, act correctly and follow what reason prescribes. Since reason is obeyed by feelings, virtues of thought are considered ruling and controlling of the virtues of character. To be more specific, Aristotle thinks prudence, the virtue of thought that involves in actions, is closely related to and inseparable from virtues of character. Virtues of character listen to prudence, and they are about having the right feelings and actions in accord with prudence through good deliberation. Wisdom, the virtue of thought that involves in study or philosophical contemplation, is considered superior to virtues of character. Actually, according to Aristotle, wisdom is the best virtue and the activity of philosophical contemplation is happiness itself. Therefore, virtues of character are subordinate to virtues of thought and serve as the means to achieve happiness. Then, Aristotle discusses how virtues of character are acquired. He believes that they are results of habits. People attain the virtues of character by practicing and becoming habituated to them. Aristotle thinks virtues of character cannot be innate for the following reasons. First, if something is by nature, habituation will never bring it from one condition to another condition. For example, a stone is by nature falling downwards due to gravity. If one throws it upwards for many times to habituate it, it would still fall downwards, without changing the original condition. In this way, if virtues of character are by nature, people will not become more virtuous by habituation, and apparently Aristotle does not think that is the case. Therefore, virtues of character are not attained by nature. Second, if something is innate, people first have the capacity for it before performing the activity. For example, senses are innate because we already have senses before exercising them. We do not acquire our senses by seeing or hearing. However, for virtues of character, we first practice them before we acquire them. In other words, we become just by doing just actions and temperate by doing temperate actions. For this reason, virtues of character cannot be innate. Given that they are not innate, Aristotle argues that virtues of character are gained by the repetition of virtuous activities, which is achieved through correct habituation. On the contrary, vices are gained by the repetition of vicious activities. Aristotle also points out that the legislators’ correct habituation of citizens to make them good offers evidence for this argument. Therefore, for Aristotle, it is very important that people always perform the right activities in order to obtain the virtues of character. Next, Aristotle claims that virtues and vices of character are related to pleasures and pains. For example, if a person finds it enjoyable to stand firm against terrifying situation in battlefields, he demonstrates the virtue of bravery, but if he finds it painful, he demonstrates the vice of cowardice. Also, a person who finds pleasure in abstinence is temperate, and a person who finds pain is intemperate. Aristotle gives two reasons why virtues of character are related to pleasures and pains. First, as he concludes before, virtues are about feelings and actions. Feelings and actions always imply pleasures or pains. In this way, virtues are about pleasures and pains. Second, corrective treatments employ pleasures and pains to punish vices and restore virtues. For example, to punish a vicious action, legislators associate pain with this action through sentence or imprisonment and therefore correct this vice. These corrective treatments of manipulating pleasures and pains indicate tha t virtues and vices are related to pleasures and pains. Given that, Aristotle concludes that people with virtues of character seek pleasures and endure pains in a right way and to a right extent, and vices are the opposites. Finally, Aristotle gives a definition of the virtues of character by identifying the genus and differentia. First, Aristotle lists three possible candidates for the genus of virtues of character. Aristotle claims that they must belong to one of the three conditions in the human soul: feelings, capacities and states. Aristotle offers explanations for these three conditions. Feelings are the indicator of pleasures and pains, for example, appetite, anger, fear, etc. Capacities are the capabilities of having those feelings. States are what people have when they are better or worse off due to the feelings of pleasures and pains. For example, when feeling is either too intense or too deficient, people are worse off, and when feeling is intermediate and appropriate, people are better off. Aristotle performs a process of elimination to find the genus of the virtues of character. Aristotle states that virtues and vices of character cannot be feelings, and he gives three reasons for that. Firs t, people are never praised or blamed for having certain feelings. However, they are praised or blamed for having certain virtues or vices. Second, feelings are generated without decisions. For example, people do not decide to feel angry or afraid. However, it does require decisions to perform certain actions proper to the virtues of character. Finally, people are said to be moved by feelings but never moved by virtues or vices. Therefore, virtues are not feelings, though they are relevant to feelings. Aristotle also indicates that they are not capacities either. Similar to feelings, capacities are neither praised nor blamed, but virtues and vices are. Moreover, capacities are gained by nature, but virtues are acquired not by nature but by habituation, as Aristotle discusses before. Therefore, virtues are not capacities. Then, there is only one possibility left: virtues are states. After identifying the genus of virtues of character as states, Aristotle tries to find the differentia, which describes the essence of virtues of character and distinguishes them from other species in the genus of states. In other word, Aristotle is going to answer what kind of states they are. Aristotle introduces the concept of intermediate or the mean between extremes. According to Aristotle, there are two types of intermediate: one is in the object and one is relative to us. Intermediate in the object is the thing exactly equidistant to two extremes. For example, six is objectively intermediate between two and ten because it exceeds two by four and is exceeded by ten by the same amount. However, Aristotle emphasizes that the intermediate concerned in sciences is not objective but relative to us; that is to say, what individuals consider as neither excessive nor deficient for their sake. For example, for the science of prescribing food, six pounds might be the intermediate amount for professional athletes. However, for amateurs, six pounds would be too much, and something less is the intermediate for his sake. Therefore, one acquires a mean state according to what is intermediate for him. Aristotle indicates that, in craft, people consider a good product as intermediate because they think nothing can be added to or reduced from it. If added or reduced, they think it is ruined by being excessive or deficient. According to Aristotle, since craft aims at the intermediate, virtues of character, as something superior to craft, should also aim at the intermediate condition. As he concludes before, virtues of character are about feelings and actions, and feelings and actions admit being excessive, deficient and intermediate. People can have too much or too little of pain and pleasure in particular circumstances that makes them vicious, and intermediate level of pain and pleasure that makes them virtuous. In this way, the intermediate feelings of pleasure and pain are proper to virtues of character. Then, Aristotle gives another reason to show that virtue is a mean between extremes. He states that people can be wrong in many ways but correct in only one way, which explains wh y being wrong is easy and correct is difficult. Therefore, people obtain virtues of character only when they reach the mean, but they demonstrate vices in various ways by being excessive or deficient. Finally, Aristotle concludes that what differentiates virtues of character from other states is that they aim at the intermediate, and they are the mean between two extremes. For example, bravery is a virtue of character. It is a mean in feelings of fear and confidence. Excessive confidence and deficient fear can be called rash, while deficient confidence and excessive fear can be called cowardly. Generosity is the mean in donating and receiving money. The excess is wastefulness, and the deficiency is ungenerosity. After considering the genus and differentia, Aristotle defines virtues of character as the states of a mean between extremes. This mean is relative to us, about feelings and in accord with reason and prudence. In the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle views the possession and practice of virtues of character as what promote and consist happiness. Virtues of character are involved in the part of human soul that has feelings, and they are about having correct feelings in accord with reason. They are related to virtues of thought in that they listen to what prudence prescribes and are subordinate to wisdom. They are acquired not by nature but by repetition of virtuous actions through habituation, and they are related to pleasures and pains. Finally, based on genus and differentia, Aristotle offers the definition of virtues of character: they are mean states relative to us between two extremes of excess and deficiency.

Network Security Enhancement Using Software Defined...

Network Security enhancement using Software Defined Networking Technologies Software Defined Networking (SDN) is a pattern of new technologies for permitting more prominent control of how networks work. As opposed to a genuinely static network that must be controlled by exclusive merchant particular protocols, with at times restricted deceivability into the internals of layer 2 gadgets like switches, SDN considers experimentation in enhancing and arranging how the network functions. Furthermore, SDN can be controlled utilizing product server equipment, which can add to the reasonableness and expense reserve funds. The major advantage of Software Defined Networking based technologies is that it separates the data plane and control†¦show more content†¦If it’s a large network consisting of so many networking devices, then it would be difficult to configure each and every device with these security measures as it takes a lot of time to do so. Further more, many network a ttacks are taking shape these days and their effects on the network are unpredictable. So if a new attack comes and if a security measure is developed against the attack, then it should be updated in each and every network device in a network, which will be a very tedious job to do. This is the current trend running in the networking environment. In our project we are implementing these security measures over SDN, as it provides a centralized controller for the network. If we just configure these security measures in the centralized controller, then the entire network, which is under the control of this particular controller, can be secured. Thus it saves a lot of time and effort. And if a new network attack comes into the network, then the security measure against this network attack can be configured inside the controller, so that it can be applied to the whole network, which is under the control of this controller instead of changing each and every networking device configuration in a network. Software Defined Networks (SDN), as we utilize this as a part of the execution of the task. Software Defined Networks is aShow MoreRelatedThe Cost Effective Enhancement Of Enterprise Network Security Via Openflow Controlled Switches And Specialized Sdn Applications Running On A1481 Words   |  6 PagesThe project focuses on the cost effective enhancement of enterprise network security via OpenFlow controlled switches and specialized SDN applications running on a controller. The project will investigate on securing the network from various attacks like ping attack, TCP SYN attack, Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS), DHCP attack. 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Essay on Decision Making Strategies - 499 Words

Strategic thinking is an essential leadership skill. Our learning team has learned to consider our current decision-making strategies, and examine our options for choosing the best strategy for any situation be it one-sided, compromise, collaboration and deciding-by-majority rule. As a learning team we will identify any problem someone on the team may have such as being shy, not very talkative and hesitate about having to stand in front of the class while presenting our presentation. Being part of a well functioning learning team identifying the problem(s) and wanting to do something about it is the first step. Analyze all parts of the situation to figure out what is stopping a team member(s) from getting what the team need to solve the†¦show more content†¦This step helps you to think about the risks involved with making a decision. No matter what you try, there is going to be some uncertainty involved. Choose the solution that the entire learning team likes the most and try it. Review the results. Think about what happens. Brainstorming usually works best with a group. The purpose of brainstorming is to let everyone voice their opinions and say what is on their mind to better identify possible solutions to a problem. When working in learning team especially a team where everyone may or may not be working together for the first time. It is important not to make any judgments about an idea. You want to encourage everyone to get involved no matter how far out his or her idea seems. No put-downs. Let every team member participate. It is important not to belittle any ideas that may be presented. Someone should write down all the ideas. Dont leave any ideas out, no matter how crazy they seem. Keep your mind open to all ideas, both your own and others. When the team has tried all ideas, crazy, outlandish, and otherwise, we make a rough draft and finally evaluate what ideas are real possibilities and what ones should be dismissed. 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Taxation Law and Practice Preparement of Fees

Question: Describe about the Taxation Law and Practice for Preparement of Fees. Answer: Arthur Murray (NSW) Pty Ltd V FCT (1965) 114 CLR 314 Facts of the case The taxpayer was engaged in the business of providing dancing lessons and offered discount to students that paid fees in advance. This discount was offered to encourage the student from prepayment of fees. The agreement between the taxpayer and the students expressly provided that there would be no refund of prepaid tuition fees. The taxpayer transferred the fees received in advance into suspense account which was described by the taxpayer as unearned deposit- untaught lessons account. The taxpayer after providing dancing lessons to the students transferred the relevant fees into revenue account from the suspense account. However, as per the agreement, the taxpayer was not required to refund prepaid tuition fees but in practice, taxpayer refunded the fees of students that did not completed the lessons (Barnett Harder, 2014). The taxpayer treated the prepaid tuition fees, as income derived after the dancing lessons were completely provided to the students. Therefore, prepaid tuition fees received was not included in the assessable income of the taxpayer (French, 2013). The taxpayer in calculating the assessable income only included the fees for which the tuition has already been provided during the year. The commissioner of tax calculated the assessable income on receipt basis and included the prepaid tuition fees as ordinary income under section 25(1) of The ITA Act 1197. Issues of the case The taxpayer and the commissioner of tax calculated the assessable income of the taxpayer differently because they both differ in the treatment of prepaid tuition fees. The issue before the court therefore was to determine whether the assessable income of the tax payer should include the prepaid tuition fees (Courtney, 2014). Conclusion of the case The high court held that the general rule is if fees are received in advance for a service that has not yet been provided then such fees should not be included in the assessable income. The high court further held that though there was an agreement between the taxpayer and the student that no prepaid fees will be refunded but in practice, it was not followed. The taxpayer refunded the fees of the students if not all the lessons are taken by the student (Shetreet Turenne, 2013). Therefore, the taxpayer could not include the prepaid tuition fees as income in the year of receipt because there exist a possibility that the taxpayer might have to refund the advance fees in case the tuition is not provided. The high court in this judgment concluded that the taxpayer derived income from providing services in the year the dancing lessons are provided and not in the year, the advance fees were received. The judgment upheld that the accounting treatment followed by the taxpayer is appropriate (Ferran Ho, 2014). a). (i) The ITA Act 1997 in section 6-5(4) provides that if an amount is received by the taxpayer or anyone on behalf of the taxpayer then such amount received should be considered as income derived. The income derived during the year should be included in the assessable income of the taxpayer as per the section 6-5 of the ITA Act 1997. There are primarily two methods of calculating income for the purpose of tax this are earning method and receipt method. The taxpayer should adopt the method that most appropriately reflects the income of the taxpayer (Kenny, 2013). In Taxation Rule 98 /1in, Para 19 as per general rule it is provided that if income is derived from investment, income derived from sources other than business income and income derived by an employee then in such cases receipt method of calculating income is appropriate. The Para 20 of the TR 98/1 provides that it is appropriate to calculate income on earning basis if the income is derived from business of trading or manufacturin g. It is to be noted that for the purpose of tax the earning method is considered as the most appropriate method of calculating income (Athanasiou, 2014). (ii) The RIP Pty Ltd is engaged in the business of proving funeral and other related services. The reported profit of the company is $2.45 million for the year ending 30 June 2016. The company provided funeral services and earned its revenue from customers under various options (Brabazon, 2015). The different methods adopted by the company for collecting fees from customer are given below: The company received fees by issuing a net 30-day invoice from the external insurance company. The company also issued a net 30 days invoice to its customers for collection of fees. The RIP Finance Pty Ltd provides credit under repayment installment plan the company also received fees from this company. The company also received fees as installment in advance from customers under easy future plan. The general rule is that the earning method is the most appropriate method for calculating income derived from business. In case of RPI Ltd as the funeral service is provided the income is derived and it should be recognized as revenue. The procedure adopted by the company is that after the funeral service is provided the company raise a net 30 days invoice. The company should recognize the income derived as revenue after the service is provided and the net30 days invoice is raised and should not wait for actual receipt of revenue (Mortimore Dickfos, 2014). The company runs a scheme of easy future plan and under this scheme the fees are received in advance by the company with the promise of providing funeral services in the future. The advance fees received under the easy future plan scheme are non refundable (MacDonald, 2012). In case a member defaults in paying all the installments under this scheme then the fees that are already paid to the company are forfeited and transferred to a separate account called Forfeited payment account. The company should immediately recognize the forfeited fees as income because RIP Pty Ltd has no liability to provide funeral service to the discontinued members under this scheme. Based on the above discussion it can be concluded that the RIP Pty Ltd derives the income as the funeral service is provided (Fegan Stephens, 2012). (b) In the case of Arthur Murray, it was concluded that income is derived in the year the service is provided to the customers. The case also states that as per general rule the fees received in advance should be recognized as income in the year the service is provided. In easy future plan the RIP Pty Ltd receives fees in advance and in future it provides the funeral services. The company includes the fees received in advance as income in the year the fees are actually received (Gaal, 2013). The circumstances in the case of Arthur Murray are similar to that of RIP Pty Ltd so the principle held in the case of Arthur Murray is applicable in the accounting treatment of RIP Pty Ltd. Therefore, the company should not include the fees received in advance as income in the year the advance fees are received but it should include the advance fees in income in the year of providing the funeral service (Passant, 2016). (c ) The taxation Rule 98/1 provides that there are two methods of accounting of income for the purpose of tax. These methods are earning method and receipt method. The receipt method is also known as cash basis or cash received basis because under this method income is derived in the year the actual or constructive income is received. As per section 6-5(4) of the ITA Act 1997 it will be considered as income derived if the taxpayer or anyone on behalf of the taxpayer receives income (Dzhumashev, 2014). There is another method apart from receipt method for accounting of income for tax purpose. Another method of accounting for tax is the earning method and it is known as the accrual method or cash and credit method. Under this method, income is derived as it is earned and a recoverable debt is created. If the task that is required to be performed under the agreement has been performed completely then the taxpayer can legally claim the amount and it is referred to as recoverable debt. Theref ore, it can be said that the commissioner and taxpayer can choose the earning method or receipt method for calculating income for the purpose of tax (Vann, 2014). ii. The RIP Pty Ltd runs a scheme called easy future plan. Under this plan, the customers are required to pay fees as advance installments and the company agrees to provide funeral service in future. The advance fees paid by the customers are non-refundable. If a customer fails to pay all the advance installments then the partial fees received are forfeited and are transferred to a separate account called Forfeited Payment Account. The company does not have any liability, as the customers did not pay complete fees. Therefore based on the fact that the fees are non refundable and the company has no liability to provide service in future it is advised to RIP Pty Ltd that the forfeited fees of $16200.00 should be treated as income in the year the fees are forfeited (Paturot et al., 2013). Part B The trading stock is referred to as anything that is manufactured or acquired in the ordinary course of business and is used for manufacture, sell or exchange of goods as mentioned in section 70-10 of the ITA Act 1997. The CGT assets and financial agreements are included in definition of trading stock. It is provided in section 70-25 of the ITA Act 1997 that the amount incurred for trading stock should not be of capital nature. Therefore the caskets and accessories purchased by the RIP Pty Ltd that are used in the ordinary course should be treated as trading stock and not capital assets (Brody et al., 2014). The section 8-1 of the ITA Act 1997 allows general deductions and the amount paid for the purpose of purchase of trading stock buy the RIP Pty Ltd is allowed as deduction as deduction under this section. The deduction for purchase of trading stock is allowed in the year the trading stock becomes part of stock in hand of the company. It is also provided in section 8-1 of the ITA Act 1997 that general deduction under this section is allowed for expenses that is necessary for carrying on business and produce assessable income. In the given case, RIP prepaid an amount of $25000.00 for purchase of stock that is to be delivered in next income year. Based on the above discussion it is advised that the prepayment amount should be treated as advance for the income year 30June 2016 (Robson, 2014). ii. As per section 6-5 of the ITA Act 1997, any income that is received by a resident taxpayer should be included in the ordinary income as per this section. Therefore, the dividend that is received by the RIP Pty Ltd should be included in the taxable income. The company will be able to take franking credit as the dividends are fully franked. The advance payments for rental storage are not included in the list of capital asset provided in section 100-25 of the ITA Act 1997. Therefore, amount paid in advance for rent should not be treated as capital assets. The advance rent includes rent of four months of the current income this rents is allowed as general deduction under section 8 of The ITA Act 1997. The unused long service leave should be included in the assessable income as per section 83-80 of the ITA Act 1997. In this case, RIP Pty Ltd paid a three-month long service leave in advance this advance should be treated as expense and not as advance for the income year 30 June 2016 (McClu re et al., 2016). iii. The taxpayer can claim general deductions under section 8 of the ITA Act for producing assessable income. The list of CGT assets as provided in section 100-25 of the ITA Act 1997 includes land and building. The expenses incurred by the taxpayer for land and building should not be included as general deduction under section 8 of the act (Saad, 2014). These expenses should be treated as capital nature and not as general deduction. The expenses related to construction of onsite parking, expenses for equipment, expenses for landscaping are to be treated as capital expenditure and not as general deduction. Reference Athanasiou, A. (2014). Changing from cash to accruals accounting.Taxation in Australia,48(8), 459. Barnett, K., Harder, S. (2014).Remedies in Australian Private Law. Cambridge University Press. Brabazon, M. (2015). Australian International Taxation of Attributed Trust Gains.Australian Tax Review,44(3), 141-166. Brody, E., Breen, O. B., McGregor-Lowndes, M., Turnour, M. (2014). 5 An Unrelated Income Tax for Australia?.Performance Management in Nonprofit Organizations: Global Perspectives,17, 87. Courtney, W. (2014).Contractual Indemnities. Bloomsbury Publishing. Dzhumashev, R. (2014). Corruption and growth: The role of governance, public spending, and economic development.Economic Modelling,37, 202-215. Fegan, T., Stephens, M. (2012). Taxation of entities.Concise Collection of Tax Fundamentals, A, 31. Ferran, E., Ho, L. C. (2014).Principles of corporate finance law. Oxford University Press. French, R. (2013). Law-complexity and moral clarity.Brief,40(6), 25. Gaal, J. (2013). CGT Small Business Reliefs: The Comprehensive Practitioner's Handbook.CGT Small Business Reliefs: The Comprehensive Practitioner's Handbook, xxviii. Kenny, P. L. (2013). Aligning Income Tax Laws with Accounting Rules: A Simplified Tax System Case Study.Available at SSRN 2340888. MacDonald, A. (2012). Introduction to taxing of trusts.Concise Collection of Tax Fundamentals, A, 51. McClure, R., Lanis, R., Govendir, B. (2016). Analysis of Tax Avoidance Strategies of Top Foreign Multinationals Operating in Australia: An Expose. Mortimore, A., Dickfos, J. (2014). Using schemas to demonstrate the methodology of solving complex tax problems: A case study.Journal of the Australasian Tax Teachers Association,9(1), 230. Passant, J. (2016). Tax and the Forgotten Classes-A Snapshot of History.Available at SSRN 2721266. Paturot, D., Mellbye, K., Brys, B. (2013). Average personal income tax rate and tax wedge progression in OECD countries. Robson, A. (2014). Australia's carbon tax: An economic evaluation.Economic Affairs,34(1), 35-45. Saad, N. (2014). Tax knowledge, tax complexity and tax compliance: Taxpayers view.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,109, 1069-1075. Shetreet, S., Turenne, S. (2013).Judges on Trial: The Independence and Accountability of the English Judiciary(Vol. 8). Cambridge University Press. Vann, R. J. (2014). Hybrid Entities in Australia: Resource Capital Fund III LP Case.Tax Treaty Case Law.

When Technology and Content Combine 8 Inspiring Examples

The increasing number of new technologies has meant that businesses have more ways than ever to amplify the impact of their content. From virtual reality and drones to new video marketing techniques, cutting-edge technology is helping many businesses stand out online. Here are eight brands that have managed to use technology to maximize the impact of their content marketing. Virtual Reality The New York Times First published in 1851, the New York Times is still one of the most popular newspapers in the U.S., which is partly due to their ability to adapt. Their recent creation, NYTVR, is the most recent example of this. NYTVR aims to provide users with a low-cost and immersive virtual reality experience, allowing viewers to get upclose and personal with news stories. These 360 degree videos take viewers on a journey to places they likely have never or will never go: a trip into space with a flight over Pluto, a tour of the hottest place on earth or a swim with dolphins.†The Daily 360† now offers viewers a new 360 degree video every day. Excedrin Excedrin developed a virtual reality simulator to show people how migraines are more than â€Å"just a bad headache.† The Migraine Simulator imitates migraine symptoms like blurred vision, blinking spots and dizziness, to show non-sufferers the seriousness of the condition. The subsequent press coverage highlighted the struggles that many of its customers face and put Excedrin back into the spotlight. Drones National Geographic The classic magazine focused on the natural world continues to experiment with new media. In 2016, they teamed up with oceanographer Leigh Torres to take aerial drone footage of a blue whale lunging for krill. The video has now received over one million views on YouTube. Camisaria Colombo Interactive Video Nike and Lidyana Online fashion retailer Lidyana and Nike teamed up to make an interactive video, showing a young woman waking up and then exercising. Viewers first choose the exercise for the main character to perform. Interactive buttons then appear on her clothing, giving viewers the opportunity to learn more about the merchandise and even add items straight to their shopping cart via the video. Only For their new range of jeans, the french fashion brand Only created an online interactive video that was part film, part fashion catalog and part music video. As you watch the film, you can freeze the video and interact with the merchandise worn by the girls. You can like, browse, pin, tweet and buy every item of clothing. You can even download the video’s soundtrack. Within two weeks of the video’s release, their website received over 280,000 visits. Live Streaming It’s no longer just sports events that are streamed live online. Streaming apps like Periscope and the Facebook Live function have given content marketers the platform to engage with audiences in new and exciting ways. Grazia UK Dunkin’ Donuts It’s no surprise that Dunkin’ Donuts relies on visuals in most of their marketing campaigns. Who hasn’t been tempted to eat a donut after seeing a picture of one? To take it another level, Dunkin’ used Valentine’s Day as an opportunity to live-stream its test kitchen. Viewers could see how they created their products and the video ended with the creation of a gigantic, donut-themed wedding cake. The video attracted over 43,000 viewers, which is pretty impressive. New Technology to Help Your Business As the online marketing space becomes more crowded, brands are looking for new ways to deliver great content and attract more attention. Traditional content like blog posts are still a valuable part of any marketing strategy. But by using new technologies, you can make more people take notice of your brand. The good news is that these technologies are becoming more diverse and accessible meaning that you can use them to inspire your audience. With these examples in mind, what innovative ways could you use technology to take your content to the next level?

Opening ceremony of Hunger Games Essay Essays

Opening ceremony of Hunger Games Essay Essays Opening ceremony of Hunger Games Essay Paper Opening ceremony of Hunger Games Essay Paper Essay Topic: The Hunger Games â€Å"Happy Hunger Games! † The 74th Hunger Games got under manner in dramatic manner today with a fabulous gap ceremonial in the capital. The Hunger Games held one time a twelvemonth. The gap ceremonial began at the City Circle. audiences were the most esteemed citizens of the Capital. they watched in the edifices that beside Circle. Tributes from 12 territories sanded on the chariots and stopped in forepart of the President Snow’s sign of the zodiac. When music ends. the president gave a address to welcome participants. At the terminal of address. he said motto of the game: â€Å"Happy Hunger Games! † The Hunger Games is a Television show which is really popular in the state. It has 24 testimonials who from different territories. each country elected 2 people to fall in this game. Merely one of them who survive can win. The gap ceremonial began in the melodious vocals. Twelve chariots appeared following one by one. Tributes have oning dressing that can demo local features. Chariot from territory 1 pulled by snowy houses. District 1 manufactured of luxury for the capital. so players’ vesture is gorgeous. Other territories participants were demoing their ain manner at that minute. The perfect costume that citizens think came from District 12. Their vesture was on fire. One audience said: â€Å"They were so breathless and eye-popping and I was wholly fascinated. I can hear everyone shouted: ‘District 12! District 12! ’ † . When the national anthem played. the camera lens to exchange to territory players’ faces. and turned around rapidly. At last. the 12 districts’ chariots circling a hebdomad. Then. disappeared into the Training Center. Online referendum displaced this year’s opening ceremonial is better than any other show. This attracted 1000s to watch.

Refitting the pieces Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Refitting the pieces - Essay Example The results of the interactive Jigsaw Puzzle Media Piece exercise revealed one’s personal worldview is formed and composed of three essential components. The three components that make up my worldview are God, Ethics and Knowledge, because they shaped my thoughts, experiences, education and life decisions.Believing and trusting God’s Word provides a lively faith and confidence in God’s promises. One of the most significant lessons I learned is to live and learn from the Bible. Believing and trusting God’s Word and incorporating the Gospel in our lives will create a positive worldview and generate consistent worldview beliefs. God’s teaching, as detailed in the Bible shared messages of loving one’s neighbor as oneself and to obey the commandments. There were instances in life where trials and challenges are faced through death of loved ones or through troubles in relationships. The lessons of love revealed in the passages of 1 Corinthians 13 g ive the greatness of love in its capacity to encompass patience, kindness, hope and the constant pursuit for truth (Bible Gateway, 2010).Embracing God’s worldview steers us to make sound choices and life decisions. Those decisions uncover who we are, what we believe, and our purpose. When difficulties become pressing, the faith and trust in God gives courage and comfort that everything would come to pass and that these trials are just temporary incidents that are made to be experienced to make us stronger to face vicissitudes in the future. The Bible creates a moral compass for people to learn and make life decisions. As a book that gives guidance in the form of messages, one is directed to focus on specific aspects in one’s personality that needs to be addressed. For example, people who face problems in disobeying God’s commandments would find answers in Deuteronomy 27:11-27: â€Å"(â€Å"Cursed be he that confirmeth not all the words of this law to do them. And all the people shall say, Amen† (Deuteronomy 27:26)† (Deeper Christian Life Ministry, 2011, par. 1). Those who are reflecting on taking one’s life or killing others would find answers in the value and sanctity of life through this verse: â€Å"Don?t you know that you yourselves are God?s Temple and that God?s spirit lives in you?† 1 Corinthians 2:16† (The Bible and the Sanctity of Life, n.d., par. 10). Following God’s Word creates the foundation necessary to choose between good and evil and right and wrong . My life decision is to learn, teach and follow the scripture but to also keep an open mind to others beliefs, opinions, and worldviews. Keeping an open mind means being open to accommodate diverse points of views and perspectives from different cultural and ethical orientations. With regards to ethics, one’s personal contention is to treat everyone like you would want to be treated. Being ethical (moral) is how humans relate to one another, how you relate to yourself, and how you relate to your creator. The word of God provides one with the direction and guidance to avoid treating others unethically or immorality. One’s personal beliefs, values and standards on fair and equally treatment in according human rights can impact in a negative or positive manner, depending on the person and how they apply it. For example, there have been controversial issues of equality in gender and race in organizations. With one’s commitment to ethical codes of conduct, one is co mmitted to treat all

B2B E-Commerce System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

B2B E-Commerce System - Essay Example Users connect to the web server and send requests to the DBMS for information retrieval. The application server that sits at the middle tier takes requests from the web server, looks up into the DBMS and then processes the information to be fed back to the web server which is visible to the user through a session with the server. Tomcat, Weblogic, and WebSphere are application servers whereas Internet Information Server (IIS) and Apache are web servers. Out of these Apache and Tomcat are free software and the others are paid. In terms of functionality and performance, all servers are similar - it is the software level configurations and hardware specifications that matter. [Liu, Xue and Heo, Jin et al. 2005] Justification: Given that we are just starting the implementation of E-Commerce, it may be advisable that we first start with two tier architecture and then gradually migrate to three tier architecture if the volume of transactions increases. Moreover, choice of the web & application servers will depend upon the technical compatibility aspects of the E-Business package that we shall select in due course. Support & maintainability will be a primary concern and hence we shall favour the platform that is better supported by vendors in our region. Background: The backe... n of E-Commerce, it may be advisable that we first start with two tier architecture and then gradually migrate to three tier architecture if the volume of transactions increases. Moreover, choice of the web & application servers will depend upon the technical compatibility aspects of the E-Business package that we shall select in due course. Support & maintainability will be a primary concern and hence we shall favour the platform that is better supported by vendors in our region. The report on Database Management Systems Background: The backend tier needs to be a database management system (DBMS) that shall hold all the information & data pertaining to the E-Business application. In this context, an analysis of MySQL, Oracle and Microsoft SQL Server is presented herewith. Detailed Analysis: MySQL is a freeware and the other two are paid DBMS software. I have studied the comparison between Oracle and MySQL from the perspective of main DBMS features - Data Types, Tables, Indexing, views, synonyms, sequences, Data Definition & Modification language, stored procedures, triggers, functions, XML compatibility, transactional capabilities, security, auditing, replication and clustering. Most of the features of Oracle are available in MySQL current versions. However, few critical features, like two way replications, high availability clustering, hot backups, role based security (grouping of users into roles before assigning privileges) and partial rollback (partial backing out of erroneous transactions) are not supported by MySQL. Given that this is an open source software, further releases can always have these features added. However, one aspect should be kept in mind that the engineering behind Oracle DBMS is the result of decades of competency development of Oracle

How Apple INC supply issues effect the demand of its products such as Essay

How Apple INC supply issues effect the demand of its products such as Iphone, IPAD - Essay Example There are several types of supply theories abased on the nature of products. Generally we use the supply chain system based on following important components as given below. Factory: The factory is the basic component and the point of origination for any supply chain. If a factory has issues in the production, the whole supply chain will suffer due to lack of the goods or the quality of the supplied products depending upon the problem respectively. Distributor: The distributor has a supporting role for a company in a supply chain. He advises the company about the magnitude of the product to be manufactured. If a distributor is having issues then the supply chain will suffer due to the mismanagement in terms of faulty distribution. Stockist: A stockist acts as a filter between the distributor and the whole sellers as well as show rooms. The basic difference between a distributor and a stockist is that the distributor purchases the items as a bulk directly from the company while the st ockist purchases the items at a relatively smaller scale from the distributor depending upon the local requirements of the market. Whole sale: A whole seller acts as another filter between the retailers and bulk dealers. ... Retailers: They are the source of products for the end users by the help of company support & distributor’s good supply chain. They also play an effective role in satisfying the end user by giving product knowledge and guarantee and warranty as well. End users: End users are the main component of a business. Each and every company designs its marketing and production strategies to attract end users in the form of customers. They do it by facilitating the end users in different ways. CONSEQUENCES OF BREAKING OF SUPPLY CHAIN Companies invest heavily on generating customer demand about their product through advertising. Especially in smart phones, notepad, laptop industry customers have variable choices therefore, once the customer demand have been established the manufacturer has to ensure the continuous supply of the product to maintain the customer loyalty. Companies which fails to do so may loose their customer loyalty. Following are some key issues can be raised if supply li ne break at the time of demand: NEED OF A NEW MARKETING CAMPAIGN: Once the demand developed in the market by the advertising campaigns the supplier is supposed to fulfill the customer demand. Otherwise customer may turned to other vendors. In this competitive era each product has several rivals in the market. Therefore, once the customer would have turned aside towards other product line or manufactures then in such situations the company has to re design the old marketing strategies, because the customer mind may not have any effect from old marketing approaches. This new advertisements and marketing may cause a huge expense over the company sales. Therefore, companies are very careful in maintaining the supply line un-broken. FRANCHISE/DISTRIBUTOR, FIELD FORCE WILL LOOSE TRUST ON

Schizophrenia: A Possible Etiology? Essay -- Mental Illness Health Ess

Schizophrenia: A Possible Etiology? As for me, you must know I shouldn’t precisely have chosen madness if there had been any choice. What consoles me is that I am beginning to consider madness as an illness like any other, and that I accept it as such. -in a letter to his brother Theo According to the National Institute of Mental Health, nearly 20% of the US population may suffer from a diagnosable mental illness in any given six month period (1991). Obviously the issue of mental health warrants close scrutiny, as such illness can translate into lost work days and lost dollars. From a health care perspective, many of those suffering can be relieved of their symptoms and return to normal life, so to speak. Schizophrenia, however represents one of the more disabling illnesses whose prognosis for the patient looks poor. Affecting nearly two million Americans, "schizophrenia" probably represents a grouping of many types of resembling illnesses (NIMH, 1991). Typically, the patient exhibits prodromal signs such as social isolation and withdrawal, role impairment, eccentric behavior, decreased affect, and disregard for personal hygiene. These then generally give way to intermittent psychotic episodes with intervening, sometimes long negative symptom periods. The so called positive symptoms of schizophrenia include disordered thinking and memory; the patient may display incoherent speech and rapid shifting to unrelated ideas. Delusions and false or bizarre beliefs, hallucinations, and perceptual difficulties also comprise the symptomology. Schizophrenic persons usually have an absence of feeling, a sense of remoteness and inappropriate reactions. Even more difficult to treat (Kandel) are the negative signs of poverty ... ...orks Cited: Kandel, Eric R. Disorders of Thought: Schizophrenia. pp. 854-868. Krieckhaus, E. E., Donahoe, John W., Morgan, Maria A. Paranoid Schizophrenia May be Caused by Dopamine Hyperactivity of CA1 Hippocampus. Biological Psychiatry. Vol. 31, 1992: pp. 560--570. Nasralleh, Henry A. Neurodevelopmental Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia. Psychiatric Clinics of North America. Vol. 16, no 2, June, 1993: pp. 271-279. National Institute of Mental Health. Caring for People With Severe Mental Disorders: A National Plan of Research to Improve Services. DHHS Pub. No. (ADM)91-1762. Washington, D.C.: Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1991. Wright, Padraig, Gill, Michael, Murray, Robin M. Schizophrenia: Genetics and the Maternal Immune Response to Viral Infection. American Journal of Medical Genetics (Neuropsvchiatric Genetics, Vol. 48, 1993: pp. 40-46.

Understanding the Value of Creativity in Advertising

Understanding the value of Creativity in Advertising Creativity is thinking new things. Innovation is doing new things. † (Theodore Levitt) In today’s media landscape where it’s very difficult to shape consumers attitude and intentions and move them to next level of buying process, advertisers find it even more difficult and challenging to break through the clutter of competing advertisement. The advertising industry has experienced dynamic changes over the last several decades.The changes have been good in terms of Technology advancement, Medium and more methods to attract consumers and on Creativity. This study represents how creativity impacted advertising and understanding the value of creativity in advertising through the Review of various literatures. The importance of creativity factor in advertising has got wide recognition by many researchers, practitioner, but there is a miss of true & systematic research to define advertising creativity and how it relat es to ad effectiveness.The review study discusses some campaigns that have left their strong impression on consumers. The presented review study tries to come up with some evidence of creativity by reviewing expert views, past literature in advertising and marketing. The study discusses different forum on how creativity works, and what makes an ad to travel good or poorly. It summarized the value of creativity in advertising through Expert interviews, published material and related secondary data to understand the logic. Methodology: This study used a review study method to analyze the secondary data & observations.David Ogilvy once quoted that â€Å"If it doesn't sell, it isn't creative. † In this review study researcher  has analyzed secondary data through the series of interview, expert comments, and live cases of various literatures and through live observations to understand the value of creativity in advertising. The review paper includes a various article, discussion and market insight from the leading marketers, creative director insights about how this promising form of advertising is constantly evolving. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND: Creativity is seeing something new when you look at something old; it is all heart of civilization and is the driving force of revolution†-David Ogilvy It is an accepted fact that there should be an element of creativity in an advertisement. This creativity is something new, unique, extreme attractive and appealing to the consumers. In fact, advertising itself is a creative process. It is the outcome of long term planning and hard work on the part of the copy writer & creative director who prepares & shapes the final copy of advertisement. http://www. baclubindia. com /forum/files/37_37_creativity_in_advertising_project_report. doc In today’s media landscape advertisers find it even more challenging to break through the clutter of competing ads in order to shape consumers attitudes and intentions. A good alternative strategy to greater advertising spending may be more creative advertising. Understanding the fact that creative ideas do not come over night they are required to be developed through systematic thinking. Breakthrough ideas might appear to be instant or impulsive, but they are not.They are based on sound strategy, outstanding visuals and copy, and the correct application of timing and media. The art is in ensuring that all elements of communication work together so that the end result is more powerful and effective. http://crackminds. com/? p=221 There are much bold evidences that significant changes faced by this industry. Some of these changes are good: big ideas, innovative partnerships, & interesting new work, that show what advertising can do for brands.Advertising allows you to communicate a salient message to a large group of consumers faster than any other form of communication. It allows you to truly connect with your consumer; it gives you an opportunity to develop an ongoing relationship between the consumer and a brand. At its best, advertising will create a sense of urgency for the consumer, honest awareness and accurate that there are products, places, styles or sensibilities that cry out for attention or action.To do that there are various styles of advertising, a soft sell or a hard sell, a subtle approach or a blatant approach, an informative style, humor or a modern and edgy one. Style will always change: with the product or service you are selling; with the timing of the message and with the medium you are using. But important aspect is how you can engage your consumers to watch that Creative challenge you took with the blend of style.The important thing is finding the right balance between defining a good creative message and execution. The true craft is in identifying ways to interest consumers in what is being offered at the same time justifiable creativity. A creative strategy can put you on the right course, but in a wor ld filled with distractions and clutter you must develop communications that capture consumer attention and interest. The key is delivering the selling point in an interesting, single-minded, non-contrived manner.Some advertising sells brands. Great advertising also builds them. Advertising might, at times, trod on the fine line between creativity and ethical considerations. Creativity makes advertisement popular among the consumers and motivates them to purchase advertisement specific product. The advertising message is received well by the target audience for follow-up action. LEARNING FROM PAST: SOME HERITAGE BRANDS AND RECALL VALUE In India there are some brands who have acquired distinct space in consumer mindset.These brands played very important role in initial marketing era, and managed to become an unforgettable brand for Indian households. These brands have endured the test of time. Colgate Toothpaste, Vimal, Pear's soap, Mysore Sandal Soap, Woodward's Gripe Water, Dabur, Amrutanjan balm, Vicco, Pond’s, Surf, Amul and Prestige Pressure Cooker are symbols of heritage brands of India. Some of these brands are represent the Indian culture. Sometimes the brand relies heavily on product and price features, rather than advertising creativity.The recalled values of some of these heritage brands are higher than today’s brands, the Colgate’s Surkasha chakra, Vicco’s jingle â€Å"Vicco turmeric nahi cosmetic† Advice of lalita ji for Surf,† Surf ki khariddari mai hi samjhdari hai†, Bajaj with it all time hit tagline ‘Hamara Bajaj’, or it be Lux with tagline â€Å"filmi sitaron ka saundarya sabun†, & Dalda-vanaspati was a impressive success and ruled the perch during its time, the unforgettable Liril campaign, the ad was all about waterfalls, abundant water and the girl splashing about in total abandon singing â€Å"la la la la laaa†.The ad was major success & very much appreciated, at the same time it became the highest selling premium toilet soap in a period of two years. Basically Most of the Heritage brands appeal to many age groups, probably the product /brands is what used by one generation, had been used by the previous generation and is used presently by the current generation. Understanding the success mantra behind these heritage brands can be tough but there are strong evidence stating towards their advertising appeal.The uniqueness of the campaign leads towards the high recalling. The frequency of television commercial was less and during that era there wasn’t much competition and managed with only National TV channel, â€Å"Doordarshan† these brands made their presence heavily on consumers, whereas Today’s as a competitive market emerged in various categories i. e. soaps, shampoos, TV’s fridge, Air conditioner and computers so did the media options to reach more people. THE CAMPAIGNS: HOW CREATIVITY WORKS?The current scenarios focuses that advertising has altered in many ways, now advertising become more and more creative, and getting real. Creativity increases the brand value. There is enough evidence that value for a brand will be formed through creativity. With Pointing on India’s phenomenal growth, it has become even more important for ad agencies and their clients to gear up together to meet challenges that come with such expansion. Creative ideas have no boundaries, Ideas can strike anytime.A successful & great creative idea can give brands the required thrust to explore new heights. It is very important that with creativity involved in advertising it should not forget its basic agenda –of informing, convincing, and selling. Creative advertising needs to intelligent, sharp, imaginative to the point and extremely catchy. It must motive people to purchase advertisement product. The message and appeal made should be able to make positive impact on the consumers. The creativity develops n ew useful ideas which further fulfill the desired requirement.Creativity should focus the attention of the customer on the product and he must feel the urge to have that product for same benefit. This suggests that creative advertising should be able to create demand for the product when it is introduced for the first time. Some of the distinct creative ads impacted hard. VODAFONE’S Creation â€Å"The Zoozoo†: After successfully rebranding â€Å"Hutch to Vodafone† Vodafone Essar Limited, the India-based subsidiary of the global mobile network operator, Vodafone started expanding its presence in pan India.The new avatar of Vodafone is â€Å"Zoozoo† has created a new dimension of creativity. The Zoozoos advertising campaign highlighted the different value added service (VAS) offered by the company. This creative aspect got huge appreciation from the customer and they say you simply Love them and you just can’t ignore them. The Zoozoos were everywhere . The creative ad series of 30 TVCs, were Created by Ogilvy & Mather for IPL Season 2. The Zoozoos Coffee Mugs and T-shirts became instant hit in the market.Prior to this what Vodafone did to show the transition from Hutch to Vodafone, ad agency O&M launched a rather direct, thematic ad showing the trademark pug in a garden, moving out of a pink colored kennel symbolizing Hutch, and making his way into a red one (the Vodafone color). A more energetic, chirpier version of the ‘You and I’ tune associated with Hutch, plays towards the end, as the super concludes, ‘Change is good. Hutch is now Vodafone’. Public Awareness: A simple public awareness TVC shows a man manipulating a remote control toy car in an office set up.He receives a call and tries to answer it with continuing to manipulate the controls of the car. The car crashes. The message is clear and gets across with no extra layers. Driving while talking on a mobile can cause accidents. ‘IDEAâ€⠄¢ Cellular: The ideas of Idea cellular campaign were worked really well. It has been an interesting and almost ‘off the track’ ride for the brand belonging to the Aditya Birla Group. This cellular service used its brand name â€Å"idea† and real social issues to successfully showcasing its message in the consumer’s mind.The campaign shows ugly reality in the social and political arena in India, it’s very unique and different combination of creative aspect, â€Å"What an Idea sir ji† campaigns raised issues related to Caste wars, Education for all, Democracy, health Campaign, ‘walk and talk’. The creativity of ideas worked well, while the team is well aware that most of the solutions it propagates in its ads may seem improbable, but at least it makes people think. The job is done if consumer also starts saying â€Å"what an Idea, Sirji!! There are many creative ads which made a direct entry into customer mind.Camlin’s Per manent Marker made a distinct effect on the consumer it leaves Lowe Lintas, devised a cool concept for the brand to advertise the product. This time this is OOH advertising, the simple but eye-catching hoarding, with the three cut-out men having mechanically-backed moving limbs, trying to wipe off the words written in bright red, also displays the product – the permanent marker. The category of permanent markers are a very low involvement, in such scenario also ad agency had done clutter breaking, and at the same time, something that brings out the essage clearly – here the message being ‘permanent'. † WHAT MAKES ADS TRAVEL GOOD OR BAD; A REALITY CHECK There are numerous factors play roles in determining whether advertisement travel well or poorly. Marketers need to test multiple markets to get a full understanding of an ad’s likely effectiveness, but it becomes equally imperative to understand what it takes to beat the odds and create a truly Creati ve Advertising. The combination of creativity and the characteristics of ads that travelled well are, Children, Celebrities, Music, Humor and Emotions.In India presence of Celebrities makes a big difference and this can work across markets. True to the phenomena that the famous celebrity can contribute to an ad travelling well but the ultimately success comes down to the power of good copy. Humor, this word will now be associated with advertising for a long time to come. Humor can work greatly well, probably because it was cracked not long ago by the advertising fraternity, Or probably because the otherwise fretting Indian audience feels largely pepped up with humor in ads, and therefore, there are more chances of an ad acquiring mind space.Whatever be it, it's a formula which now everybody is trying hands on. Some ads are surely worth the effort. Particularly when it comes from visual and music, the examples can be ‘Happydent white’, and the great ‘Amul butterâ⠂¬â„¢ print series with â€Å"Amul girl† , ‘Fevicol’ ads, ‘Mentos’ , Vodafone ad Children in the ads can certainly help to travel well it is not simply the cuteness that adds to creative portability, but rather the child’s unique perspective and reaction to an event within the ads.An excellent example is â€Å"Dirt is Good or ‘Daag Achche Hai'† ad for Surf Excel, in which a brother â€Å"fights† the mud his sister fell into. And the recent on which shows a little boy pretending to be a dog in order to make his teacher, who has just lost her dog, smile. Of course, in the process his white uniform gets mud spattered and totally worthy of a Surf Excel wash. This one from Lowe Lintas tugs the heart strings. This campaign sticks to its ‘Daag Achche Hai' premise.Bank of India showing kid with piggy bank is yet another creative scoop. At the same time advertising that generates an emotional response also has its own benefit, like it can help generate engagement and memorability and it can help the emotions transfer to the brand shaping the brand perception. Dove’s real beauty campaign is perfect example. CREATIVE ADVERTISING: IS THERE A STRONG NEED: Most brands in the same category deliver more or less the same functional benefits and answer the same needs of the consumers.With so many products on the market having the same function, the only way to position a product, service, or company differently from anything else in the same category is through creative development in advertising. Today traditional advertising is losing its sheen. The biggest problem with traditional media is that consumers today have lots of choice for ad avoidance. The fragmentation is very high and there is very less scope of customized message for all. The Indian consumer has changed if we focus on this issue there is a lot more on the menu to choose from.Now the message unlike the past is no longer a one way process. But public opinion is far more mobilized, they have immediate platform for expression. The expert believes that the creativity in advertising could never exist in isolation without a context. The success of final product completely depends on empathy and the relevance of message it intends to deliver. The trigger for ideas and insights must necessarily come from the environment. The new millennium is just decade old, advertising, which is about creating demand, also has undergone a complete transformation.Many things have changed and many things have stayed exactly the same in this industry. The media agencies have witnessed the tremendous growth in skills set. If one critically analyze, â€Å"advertising reflects the mood of the times. The simplistic inform-persuade-sell mode worked beautifully for a long time but once communication became sophisticated, technology entered, there was a paradigm shift. Multi-tasking became the order the day. It is not uncommon to see today’s kids on the mobile while hitting the net, right?So in this age of Youtube, Twitter and Facebook, advertising content has to keep pace. It can’t be as direct, naive and simplistic as it once was. The new-age consumer would dismiss it, straightaway. † For hard-core information and details about products and services that are in the hi-ticket category, the internet provides it all; one doesn’t have to completely depend on advertising. So the job of advertising today is to primarily push the brand in an endearing fashion that triggers the recall factor, and examples discussed indicates that ‘creativity’ stored better recall value.Unlike other businesses, advertising is ultimately a people's business. Thus creative advertising that sells is the results of three ingredients: people, information, and environment. If you create the appropriate environment for creative people with right information, they can create great advertising. To make the right enviro nment, Ad people must bond together as a ‘team' not as individual. Therefore, creative advertising that actually sells is the result of ‘team work. ‘ This is one single most important characteristic of creativity in advertising business.Creativity resulting from ‘team work', effectiveness and communication, these are the key factors in successful advertising campaigns. The Ad agencies must strive for balance between them. How many TVCs of toothpastes, soaps, creams, shampoos, of different companies could were differentiated from one another? Examples are many, all toothpastes promises white teeth & fresh breath some shampoos promise Zero Hair Fall, another one promises Zero Dandruff and remaining guarantee strong, shine and strength.With creative ads they can certainly communicate it differently so as to create a distinct brand image in the minds of the consumer,† Consumers often remember and memorize the creative ads than the product; rarely any advert isement makes the product memorable. So understanding the various dimension of advertising creativity is important. To fully understand creativity, one would need to expose what factors are generally held to comprise it. Some dimensions are Novelty, Meaningfulness, Well Craftiness, Positivity, and Humor.

Open Versus Closed Innovation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3264 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/09/15 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? A Critical Look at the Effects of Open Versus Closed Innovation In the Innovative Firms of the Twenty-first Century June 17, 2010 Abstract In today’s fast paced business world, which innovation method should companies adopt, open or closed innovation? In this paper we will explore the methods of closed and open innovation. Then we will explore the pros and cons of both innovation methods and discuss which method works better in the business world of the twenty-first century. After reviewing the results this paper explores the particle implications that innovative firms should be aware of regarding Open and Closed innovation and recommendations will be made for future research in this area. Introduction Background Looking back even a few decades companies viewed innovation strategies very differently then they do today. It was believed that successful innovation needed internal control and secrecy from others in the market. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Open Versus Closed Innovation" essay for you Create order Large corporations used to dominate the field of innovation because they were the only ones who could afford to invest it large scale RD. Any company that tried to enter the market would have to find large amounts of resources to be able to even attempt to compete with the RD of the large corporations (Chesbrough, 2003; Herzog , 2008; Aylen, 2010; Kodama, 2005; Trott Hartmann, 2009). In the current economy start-up companies have found ways to bypass the large RD investments of the past. Instead of doing their own research these new entrance are getting their knowledge and technology from outside their company by either investing in relevant startup companies, or partnering with other companies up, down or horizontally on the value chain (Chesbrough, 2003). With the expanding options on how to obtain innovative ideas, processes, and products the big question remains should companies used a closed or open approach to innovation? And does the open and closed methods work for all companies? (Almirall Casadesus-Masanell, 2010) In this paper we take a critical look at what closed and open innovation is, what the pros and cons are to both options, and try to determine if one method is better then the other in this current economy. Closed Innovation The main theory behind Closed Innovation is the belief that â€Å"successful innovation requires control† (Chesbrough, 2003). Companies that follow the Closed Innovation (CI) model (see Figure 1) believe in self-reliance and that they should follow these rules to succeed: †¢ â€Å"A firm should hire the best and smartest people Profiting from innovative efforts requires a firm to discover, develop, and market everything itself †¢ Being first to market requires that research discoveries originate within the firm †¢ Being first to market also ensures that the firm will win the competition †¢ Leading the industry in RD investments results in coming up with the best and most ideas and eventually in winning the competition †¢ Restrictiv e IP management must prevent other firms from profiting from the firm’s ideas and technologies† (Herzog, 2008) CI companies attempt to do everything on their own from innovative ideas, development, manufacturing, advertising, promotion, distribution, service and even financing. If the innovative ideas or projects are not pursued or are discarded part way they are stored internally and will not be profitable to the company or useful to the rest of the world unless they are used internally at a later date. This creates a great loss of many potentially reat innovative ideas, products, services, and processes. If a company chooses CI it can be expect that many innovations will be lost as companies do not have the ability or resources to turn every idea or technology into a successful innovation the market can use. The main reason a company would choose CI would be because they are scared of having their intellectual investments stolen by their competitors (Herzog , 2008; Chesbrough, 2003). [pic] Open Innovation Companies have reached the understanding that not all innovations have to originate internally and that if they do have an internal innovation and do not have the ability to act upon it they can still profit from it by partnering, joint ventures, licensing or selling the innovation to another company. In Open Innovation (OI) companies must find a balance between keeping important internal secrets and still working with other companies to gain and produce valuable ideas, processes, resources, finances and support (Herzog , 2008). Companies that follow the OI model (see Figure 2) believe in the following principals: â€Å"Not all of the smart people work for us, so we must find and tap into the knowledge and expertise of bright individuals outside our company †¢ External RD can create significant value; internal RD is needed to claim some portion of that value †¢ We don’t have to originate the research in order to profit from it †¢ Building a better business mode l is better than getting to market first †¢ If we make the best use of internal and external ideas, we will win †¢ We should profit from others’ use of our intellectual property, and we should buy others intellectual property whenever it advances our own business model† (Chesbrough, 2003) OI encourages the joining of resources from firms across all aspects of the value chain. Companies now realize that innovations they can’t use or can be used further by other companies can lead to additional profits that they could have never obtained on their own (Almirall, Casadesus-Masanell, 2010). Kodama, (2005) expands OI even further to talk about creating strategic communities (See Appendix 1), a convenient process of speeding up a firms innovation. To be able to quickly acquire a variety of knowledge of great use, managers from different areas, from inside and outside the firm, can make a strategic community with internal and external members, which could involve customers. A huge benefit is that strategic communities are not bound by the same limitations as the official organization. Now that we have explored what CI and OI is we will now go on to look at why one of the methods might be better then the other for companies competing in the twenty-first century and why companies decide to choose one either CI or OI. Open versus Closed Innovation OI involves risk such as knowledge and sensitive information leakage and the risks must be weighed against the benefits that would be gained from participating in OI. One more trouble with OI is that well some areas open up to help the flow of knowledge it has been found that to keep sensitive information secure there has actually been a reduction in the amount of information being share between internal departments which could effect the companies internal innovation (Trott Hartmann, 2009). It has been found that OI is especially needed in fields such as knowledge-intensive industries where competition is strong and companies need to work together to be able to gain a competitive advantage in the field (Trott Hartmann, 2009). Almirall Casadesus-Masanell, (2010) study showed that OI works better then CI for partnerships that are fixed and have low to medium complexity levels but they also found that when there is high complexity involved that CI is the best method to follow. Another discovery was that the benefits can be greater in flexible partnerships over fixed partnerships. â€Å"The model of flexible partnerships ffectively says, If you c an’t figure out how to put the pieces together internally (configure two subsystems optimally), it is critical to have lots of different pieces (complementary subsystems) to choose from and know how to put them together externally. † (Almirall Casadesus-Masanell, 2010) Chesbrough and Crowther (2006; as sited in Aylen, 2010) said that OI is a useful concept for innovation â€Å"beyond high technology and is appropriate for traditional and mature industries†. A big contrast between OI and CI is how they go through their idea lists. CI managers go through and proceed with the ideas they see as beneficial to their company and discard what they see as bad ideas or ideas they know their firm does not have the resources to accomplish. Whereas a OI manager would go through their idea list and sort them into three categories, innovations their company can pursue internally, ideas they can approach other companies about, and ideas that will not work at all. Therefore the OI model gets to profit from the ideas that the CI model would have otherwise discarded or stored for a later date (Chesbrough, 2003). Even though OI has been adapted by many organizations as the best way to be successfully innovative the theory is not perfect. Trott Hartmann, (2009) point out that OI is very linear and does not suggest any â€Å"feedback or feed-forward mechanisms† unlike the newer innovation models such as the â€Å"Cyclic Innovation Model† (Berkhout, AJ, Patrick van der Duin, Dap Hartmann Roland Ortt, (2007), cited in Trott Hartmann, 2009). This newer model suggest feedback and feed-forward techniques and also that the innovation process is cyclic, meaning new innovations grow from older innovations. CI has been very successful for some companies such as Apple they swept the market with the iPod and this strategy and product put them back into the playing field after have been struggling for years to catch up with the innovations of other major players. Another example of CI is the Wii by Nintendo which was extremely innovative with their new product features (Almirall Casadesus-Masanell, 2010). Some very large companies have tried CI techniques and had some devastating effects as a result, such as IBM and Xerox but both these examples were able to overcome these problems with the help of OI techniques. Procter and Gamble and Philips have successfully adapted OI and have gone so far as to hold conferences on the topic and even published their own reports on the subject. Trott Hartmann, (2009) provide a list of companies and the reasons they choose to become part of a strategic alliance (See Appendix 2). It has been noted by Chesbrough, (2003) that near the end of the 20th century a number of things happened that caused CI to be taken into question by many firms. Firstly, knowledge workers were starting to move easily from company to company as well leaving to start their own firms and this put the original firms innovation secrets in jeopardy and companies realized that if they wanted to profit from their work they had to find ways outside their company to do so and in a timely fashion. Private venture capital companies also had major growth in this period and they were benefiting in large scales from the spill over knowledge of the large corporations that were just trying to store their unused innovative knowledge. So the question still remains what is the best technique for companies to adopt? Form all the literature reviewed it seems that a fully CI company does not exist any more but instead there are different levels that companies can be at between CI and OI (Teresko, 2004). It seems companies must look at their goals and the different ways they can achieve them and then evaluate the pros and cons of the two methods and then decide whether or not they should choose CI, OI and some combination of both (Trott Hartmann, 2009). Practical Implications The following are benefits that Vanhaverbeke, Van de Vrande, Chesbrough, (2008) suggest can come from participating in OI although they stress that companies have to work at obtaining them by acquiring new techniques and skills and learning how to work with other companies so that both parties fairly benefit from the OI method. i) â€Å"Benefits from early involvement in new technologies or business opportunities ii) Delayed financial commitment iii) Early exits reducing the downward losses iv) Delayed exit in case it spins off a venture† If management decides to follow an OI strategy they must realize there are costs to this choice. Firstly, companies lose some measure of control whereas in CI they would have full control. Secondly, profits and credit must be shared but it also must be remembered that with CI losses would have to be fully covered by the sole firm involved (Almirall Casadesus-Masanell, 2010). OI gets rid of many barriers that used to block innovation such as technology limitations, corporate limitations, and geography boundaries. OI allows companies access to innovation that would have otherwise been impossible for them to reach because of the time it would take and the money it would cost to produce. What many people forget is it is not just new products that are the main benefits of OI but a huge benefit is the enhancement to the companies production processes due to knowledge obtained through OI (Teresko, 2004). Many new products only exist today because of OI, as today’s products span many different industries that would have otherwise never connected (Kodama, 2005). Kodama, (2005) covers some important implication for managers to be aware of when using OI in strategic communities (see figure 3). Management will not only have to be able to deal with issues internally but they will now have to have the skills to deal with other companies both locally and internationally. They must have skills to negotiate and understand the implications of partnerships even in industries they may not be familiar with. Future Research It was suggested by Trott Hartmann, (2009) that there tends to be less information sharing between internal departments when participating in OI, o help keep sensitive information from leaking, further research should be done to find out how much this effects the internal innovation of a company and if the internal secrecy is worth while in light of what is being obtaine d from OI practices. Future research is also need on when OI is not good for companies and in which instances would it cause more damage then good (Vanhaverbeke, Van de Vrande, Chesbrough, 2008). Chiaroni, Chiesa, Frattini, (2010) have recommended a study into whether or not OI is as effective in government run businesses as privately run businesses. Other scholars are invited to research further on the management styles that best work with obtaining the full benefits from OI innovation. It would be helpful for companies to know what type of manager they should put in charge of coordinating OI efforts so benefits are not lost. Research would also be recommended in the area of how OI and CI can work in the same firm and how this would effect the internal culture of the company. This could help managers understand what they will be facing if they implement a combination OI and CI strategy (Broring Herzog, 2008). We have reviewed what CI and OI is, the practical implications and the future research opportunities we will now wrap up the critical review with an overview about whether CI or OI is better for the company of the twenty-first centery. Conclusion Many companies follow OI because it helps with the risk of financial loss as well as creating great opportunities to absorb new knowledge, ideas, skills, techniques, and processes (Vanhaverbeke, Van de Vrande, Chesbrough, 2008). One of the greatest reasons OI seems to work is that different companies have the ability to look at problems and innovative ideas from completely different ways, this creates new innovations that would have otherwise never existed if OI practices had not been in place. This allows companies to profit from innovations that they would have otherwise never pursued either because of resources, knowledge, skill or industry type (Almirall Casadesus-Masanell, 2010). Teresko, (2004) cleared up any confusion about OI very well by saying â€Å" Open innovation does not mean outsourcing RD, nor does it mean closing down internal RD. It is a strategy of finding and bringing in new ideas that are complementary to existing RD projects†. It was stated by Trott Hartmann, (2009) that even companies labelled CI often have some aspects of OI to them and that in this day and age except for a few niche and extremely specialized fields most follow at least to some degree a belief in OI. Companies must remember that they will not succeed if they get comfortable and just remain satisfied with there current products, processes, and customers, the business world is in constant change and companies must keep up or they will soon lose their market share to a company that is more innovative (Broring Herzog, 2008). Broring Herzog, (2008) further go on to mention that firms need to be â€Å"ambidextrous† they need to be able to figure out which areas should be CI and which should be OI. Many innovations these days are so complex and have so many aspects that there is no other way to make them then by using an interdisciplinary approach. So to attempt to answer the question what is the best innovative model for the innovative company of the twenty-first century? Well, most of the research reviewed for this paper seems in common agreement that a fully CI company no longer exists and that most companies do best somewhere in-between the reams of CI and OI and the type of industry their in will help them decide which end of the spectrum they are at. It seems companies must look at their objectives and the variety of ways they can achieve them and then evaluate the pros and cons of the two methods and from there decide whether or not they should choose CI, OI and some combination of both (Trott Hartmann, 2009). Appendix 1 Strategic Communities (Kodama, 2005) Appendix 2 Compilation of reasons for entering a strategic alliance. (Trott Hartmann, 2009) References ALMIRALL , ESTEVE, CASADESUS-MASANELL, RAMON. (2010). Open versus closed innovation: a model of discovery and divergence. Academy of Management Review,  35(1), Retrieved from https://web. ebscohost. com. proxy. ufv. ca:2048/ehost/detail? id=5hid=11sid=af6c67d1-ada3-422e-9c05-8e629026d49b%40sessionmgr13bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=buhAN=45577790 Aylen, J. (2010). Open versus closed innovation: development of the wide strip mill for steel in the united states during the 1920s. RD Management,  40(1), Retrieved from https://www3. interscience. wiley. com. proxy. ufv. ca:2048/search/allsearch? mode=quicksearchproducts=journalWISsearch2=1467-9310WISindexid2=issncontentTitle=R%26amp;D+ManagementcontextLink=blahcontentOID=118510592WISsearch1=open+versus+closed+innovationWISindexid1=WISallarticleGo. x=14articleGo. y=14 Berkhout, AJ, Patrick van der Duin, Dap Hartmann Roland Ortt, (2007), The Cyclic Nature of Innovation: Connecting Hard Sciences with Soft Values. Advances in the Study of Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Growth, Vol. 17, Elsevier, Amsterdam. Broring, S. Herzog, P. (2008). Organising new business development: open innovation at Deguss. European Journal of Innovation Management, 11(3), Retrieved from https://www. emeraldinsight. com/Insight/viewContentItem. do;jsessionid=4A4348BE11DE94C824D6C71C26907070? contentType=ArticlecontentId=1736787 Chesbrough, H. (2003). The Era of open innovation. MIT Sloan Management Review,  44(3), Retrieved from https://proxy. ufv. ca:2048/login? url=https://search. ebscohost. com. proxy. ufv. ca:2048/login. aspx? direct=truedb=buhAN=9547972site=ehost-live Chiaroni, D, Chiesa, V, Frattini, F. (2010). Unravelling the process from closed to open innovation: evidence from mature, asset-intensive industries. RD Management,  40(3), Retrieved from https://proxy. ufv. ca:2048/login? url=https://search. ebscohost. com. proxy. ufv. ca:2048/login. aspx? direct=truedb=buhAN=50315551site=ehost-live Herzog , Philipp . (2008). Open and closed innovation . Retrieved from https://books. google. ca/books? id=JgD4Kn8k2BcCprintsec=frontcoversource=gbs_ge_summary_rcad=0#v=onepageqf=false Kodama, M. (2005). How Two japanese high-tech companies achieved rapid innovation via strategic community networks. Strategy Leadership,  33(6), Retrieved from https://www. emeraldinsight. com/Insight/viewContentItem. o;jsessionid=4A4348BE11DE94C824D6C71C26907070? contentType=ArticlecontentId=1524443 Teresko, J. (2004). Open innovation?. Industry Week/IW,253(6), Retrieved from https://proxy. ufv. ca:2048/login? url=https://search. ebscohost. com. proxy. ufv. ca:2048/login. aspx? direct=truedb=buhAN=13637415site =ehost-live TROTT, P, HARTMANN, D. (2009). Why ‘open innovation’ is old wine in new bottles. International Journal of Innovation Management,  13(4), Retrieved from https://www. swetswise. com. proxy. ufv. ca:2048/FullTextProxy/swproxy? url=https://www. worldscinet. com/150/13/preserved-docs/1304/S1363919609002509. pdfts=1275843853701cs=1612915441userName=8900000. ipdirectemCondId=890000